. . 62. . . . . , Grant Edwards. 1 254 02_Basics.Part 2 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 255 The Infinitive INTRODUCTION 255 ExSyn 588–90 Definition and Basic Characteristics The infinitive is an indeclinable verbal noun. . . . Extensive Pluperfect (Consummative Pluperfect) ExSyn 585–86 a. . . 208 d. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions . . . . . . . 76. Major conjunctions used this way are i{na and o{ti. . . . . . . . This use indicates the goal or aim of an action. 102 Flow Chart on the Article with Substantives . . . . . . . The participle will precede the main verb—both in word order and time of event (though usually there is a close proximity). Gnomic Present. . . . . . . Past Present Future O Diagram 56 The Force of the Tendential Present (2) ILLUSTRATIONS John 10:32 dia© poiçon aujtwçn e[rgon ejme© liqazv ete; For which of these works are you about to stone me? (2) PURE INGRESSIVE The stress is on the beginning of an action that the context usually makes clear is not a momentary action. . . Note too that this answer book is useless without the actual Workbook. . Definition for the New Testament: a. . . . . . . This general category needs to be distinguished from the futuristic present, which typically connotes certainty that an action will be carried out. . 248 3. . For action verbs, one can use the gloss customarily, habitually. . For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so God will bring with him those who are asleep through Jesus.11 ➡ b. . . Epistolary Aorist ExSyn 562–63 a. Aorist Subjunctive (+ mhv) . 03_Basics.Clauses 4/16/04 1:34 PM Page 293 The Role of Conjunctions1 Overview Introduction . . . The difference is that the descriptive involves a narrower sequential band than does the progressive present. . . . . . . The same event might be portrayed with two different tenses, even within the same gospel. I am thankful as well to Zondervan Publishing House for accepting yet another manuscript from me: to Jack Kragt, whose sensitivity to the needs of Greek teachers first prompted me to think about writing this book; to Stan Gundry, for his vision and leadership in Christian academic publishing; and especially to Verlyn Verbrugge, whose encouragement in the editing process made writing this book a light task. . . Customary The force of the customary present imperative is simply continue. . . . . When so translated, the Greek perfect should be extensive, not intensive. 9 Technically, there are no impersonal subjects in Greek as there are in English. As for the key to identification, often the verb can be translated as a present tense (e.g., is coming). . 2 The tenses in Greek are the present, future, perfect, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect.3 The Element of Time ExSyn 497–98 1. . . . . 258 ➡ 4. . This book is divided into three major sections (Foundational Greek, Church Greek, and Functional Greek), each of which builds on the previous section and takes you to the next level. . . When its emphasis falls on the 02_Basics.Part 2 256 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 256 The Basics of New Testament Syntax nominal side, it can likewise be dependent (adjectival) or independent (substantival). The present contrary-to-fact condition uses the imperfect in both the protasis and apodosis. . Often when a question is asked in the apodosis, the author does not embrace the truth of the protasis. . It is systematically cross-referenced to the larger work (referred to as Exegetical Syntax or ExSyn throughout this book) so that the interested student may be able to find expanded discussions easily. Thus, “If you put your hand in the fire, you will get burned” is saying that if you fulfill the condition, the consequence is true. . . It is often translated even. . . . . 03_Basics.Clauses 4/16/04 1:34 PM Page 303 Conditional Sentences1 Overview Introduction . . . A comparative contrast would mean, “You did not choose me as much as I chose you,” but that is foreign to the context. . In other words, the unaffected meaning of the present tense is its basic idea. Such verbs rarely occur without the infinitive. . . . This function may be: • • • • • • • connective, most often involving kaiv or dev contrastive, most often involving ajllav, dev, or plhvn correlative, usually involving mevn . . the sower went out to sow ➡2. . 03_Basics.Clauses 4/16/04 1:34 PM Page 289 Introduction to Greek Clauses 289 (c) Substantival conjunctive clause (d) Substantival relative pronoun clause (2) BASIC USES (a) Subject [1] Substantival infinitive (e.g., Heb 10:31) [2] Substantival participle (e.g., John 3:18) [3] o{ti + indicative mood (e.g., Gal 3:11) [4] i{na + subjunctive mood (e.g., 1 Cor 4:2) [5] Relative pronoun o{ (e.g., Matt 13:12) (b) Predicate Nominative [1] Substantival infinitive (e.g., Rom 1:12) [2] Substantival participle (e.g., John 4:26) [3] i{na + subjunctive (e.g., John 4:34) (c) Direct Object [1] Substantival infinitive (e.g., 1 Tim 2:8) [2] Substantival participle (e.g., Phil 3:17) [3] o{ti + indicative (e.g., John 3:33) [4] i{na + subjunctive (e.g., Matt 12:16) [5] Relative pronoun o{ (e.g., Luke 11:6) (d) Indirect Discourse [1] Substantival infinitive (e.g., Luke 24:23; 1 Cor 11:18) [2] Substantival participle (e.g., Acts 7:12; 2 Thess 3:11) [3] o{ti + indicative (e.g., Matt 5:17; John 4:1) (e) Apposition [1] Substantival infinitive (e.g., Jas 1:27) [2] o{ti + indicative (e.g., Luke 10:20) [3] i{na + subjunctive (e.g., John 17:3) b. Adjectival Clauses ExSyn 661–62 The dependent clause may function like an adjective and modify a noun, noun phrase, or other substantive. . . . also 1 Cor 1:9), although dia© qelhvmatoß qeouç occurs eight times, exclusively in Paul’s letters (Rom 15:32; 1 Cor 1:1; 2 Cor 1:1; 8:5; Eph 1:1; Col 1:1; 2 Tim 1:1). . Zondervan has received a total of 68 Gold Medallion awards for its books, more than any other publisher. A few of the more common ones are as follows. . . . . . . Conjunctive? . . . . . . In Progress, but not Complete (True Conative) . The third class condition encompasses a broad range of potentialities in Koine Greek. . . . . 223 ➡ 5. It is found principally in the papyri excavated from Egypt, truly the lingua franca of the day. . . Further, the appeal to such older languages as Sanskrit is on the basis of forms, while the application to Greek is in terms of function. . . When it does so, the infinitive is always articular. . 67. . . . . . 33. . . . . . This usage is not very common. . . . . The Basics of New Testament Syntax: An Intermediate Greek Grammar - Kindle edition by Wallace, Daniel B.. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. . . . . 249 The Pluperfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . 320 b. . . . . The semantic (or universal grammar) approach asks essentially what the two halves of conditions mean. . The uses of the perfect tense may be broken down into three main groups: normative, collapsed, and specialized. . . . . b. Illustrations Matt 19:18 v eiß, ouj moiceus v eiß, ouj kley v eiß, ouj yeudomar ouj foneus turhs v eiß You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not bear false witness. . The present causal participle may be conceived as broadly contemporaneous with the controlling verb, just as the customary present is broadly contemporaneous with present time. . . . . The converse of this is not necessarily true: “If you are about to die, you must have lived according to the flesh.” There may be other reasons one is about to die besides living according to the flesh. If this man were a prophet, he would know who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, that she is a sinner. . . . . . The indicative is used with verbs of obligation, wish, or desire, followed by an infinitive. For those uses that have examples outside the indicative, one should simply ignore the time frame. . The verbs of perception/communication that can introduce an indirect discourse infinitive are numerous. . A general rule of thumb is that the more particular (as opposed to generic) the referent, the more of the verbal aspect is still seen. . . (2) ILLUSTRATIONS Luke 7:6 ouj iJkanovß eijmi in{ a uJpo© th©n stevghn mou eijsevlqh/ß I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof. . . The subjunctive is used in the third class condition as well as the fifth class condition. . . . . . . . 228 a. . 03_Basics.Clauses 4/16/04 1:34 PM Page 295 The Role of Conjunctions 295 I walked home and studied Greek in order to be able to watch the baseball game tonight. . . . . . . . . . . . Verbal aspect is, in general, the portrayal of the action (or state) as to its progress, results, or simple occurrence. . . . . . . . 307 d. Reverse of the Condition (Semantically) . . Prohibitions ExSyn 723–25 Prohibitions, like commands, are normally expressed by one of three tenses in Greek: future, aorist, present. . . . Paul is not declaring that they are being justified by the Law, but that they think they are (or they are trying to be), though their attempt can only end in failure. . . 251 The Force of the Extensive Pluperfect. . . . . . Mostly Futuristic (Ingressive-Futuristic?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John and Jim are Greek scholars. 3 The future perfect also occurs, but in the NT only in periphrasis. . . . . . . . . . Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . anyone of you should appear to have failed d. Subjunctive in Indirect Questions ExSyn 478 (1) DEFINITION. . Definition. So if you have a good teacher to guide you through things, this can be a good resource. . . . . . Overview of Chapter Stages of the Greek Language (Diachronic) . . . . . . . . . It was tough going at times, but learned a ton about NT Greek after I was done. . . . . . . . 216 3. . . . Conditional Indicative. . . . . . 43. . . . . . . . For the most part, the aorist takes a snapshot of the action while the imperfect (like the present) takes a motion picture, portraying the action as it unfolds. . The complementary participle (see 646) and the indicative independent participle (see 653) are sufficiently rare that the average intermediate Greek student may ignore them. 23 Five-Case System Vs. Eight-Case System . . . It is important to distinguish this usage from the declarative o{ti, even though in many contexts there may be some 02_Basics.Part 2 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 201 Moods 201 ambiguity. . rivers will flow out of his belly Rev 3:21 oJ nikwnç dwvsw aujtwç/ kaqivsai the one who conquers, to him I will give to sit ➡2. . It may be introduced by a declarative o{ti, levgwn, ei\pen, etc.8 This is unlike English: In indirect discourse we usually push the tense back “one slot” from what it would have been in the direct discourse (especially if the introductory verb is past tense)—that is, we render a simple past as a past perfect, a present as a past tense, etc. . . . . . . . . . Conjunctions can be divided into three semantic/functional categories: substantival, adverbial, and logical. . . . Aorist Imperative ExSyn 719–21 The basic idea of the aorist imperative is a command in which the action is viewed as a whole, without regard for the internal make-up of the action. . . This is one of the most common uses of the infinitive. . Definition and key to identification. . . . . . . . . . (2) A DEBATABLE AND EXEGETICALLY SIGNIFICANT TEXT Eph 4:26 25 or j gizv esqe kai© mh© aJmartavnete Be angry and do not sin Although many NT scholars regard ojrgivzesqe as a conditional imperative, this is unlikely because it does not fit the semantics of other conditional imperatives. . I. Wallace, Daniel B. Greek grammar beyond the basics. . . . . . page 15 #1: Iwannes: Case, case usage, word related to? . . . Other. . 2. . . . . . . . 02_Basics.Part 2 212 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 212 The Basics of New Testament Syntax thing can come out of Nazareth?” Philip said to him, “Come and see!”) If e[rcou is conditional, then the trailing imperative bears the force of a future indicative: “If you come, you will see.” All of the disputed examples display these same semantics, viz., that the trailing verb functions as though it were a future indicative. . . . . . . . . . . . The participle indicates the manner in which the action of the finite verb is carried out. . . . . . . . . Rom 6:13 mhde© paristavnete ta© mevlh uJmwçn o{pla ajdikivaß thç/ aJmartiva/, v ate eJautou©ß twç/ qewç/. . . . . Major conjunctions used this way are: kaqavper, kaqwvß, ou{twß, wJß, wJsauvtwß, wJseiv, and w{sper. . . It includes the bestselling textbook Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics by Daniel B. Wallace, a corresponding set of 25 video lectures, a workbook, and a laminated study. . . . . Definition. . . . Koine was at its peak in the first century BCE and first century CE. Meticulously researched yet eminently readable, this book invites a wide audience to take a firsthand look at the primary evidence for Christianity's origins. "Reinventing Jesus puts top-flight scholarship on the bottom shelf. . . Futuristic Present . Generally, the writing is clear. 270 ➡ 2. . . . . The second part of a two-course series, Basics of Biblical Greek 2 picks up where Basics of Biblical Greek 1 leaves off, digging deeper into the vocabulary and grammar of New Testament Greek. . . 192 Indicative . . . . . . . The world’s largest Bible publisher, Zondervan (www.zondervan.com) holds exclusive publishing rights to the New International Version of the Bible and has distributed more than 150 million copies worldwide. This is when the challenge becomes real and the stakes . . . . . . Like the customary present, we have lumped them together for convenience’ sake. . . . . All of this can be summarized as follows: • Conditional statements refer to the portrayal of reality rather than to reality itself. . . The major connective conjunctions are kaiv and dev. . A basic issue in the tense used is how much a speaker wants to say about the progress or results of an action, or what he wants to emphasize. 03_Basics.Clauses 310 4/16/04 1:34 PM Page 310 The Basics of New Testament Syntax reality or the condition of truth. . However, it was used in this manner even in classical Greek, though sparingly. . . John 3:16 © hjgavphsen oJ qeo©ß to©n kovsmon, ws { te . 109 The Semantics of Qualitative Nouns . For discussion, see ExSyn 474. This usage is common, especially in the Gospels and Acts. . . It is, however, difficult to distinguish this usage from the customary present. . True emphatic conjunctions include: gev, dhv, menouçnge, mevntoi, naiv, and nhv. 242 6. . Nevertheless, this is an important category for exegesis. . This does not necessarily mean that it is incorrect, but neither is the portrayal necessarily correct. . . (1) Grammarians are not united on this issue (although most today hold to the five-case system). Do not confuse this with the historical present, however. . Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics is the most up-to-date Greek grammar available. Time . . . . . . . . . . 02_Basics.Part 2 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 232 The Imperfect Tense1 Overview of Uses Narrow-Band Imperfects . . . . . . 40. A conditional sentence has two parts: an “if” part (the protasis) and a “then” part (the apodosis). . . . . . . . . Content Conjunctions. (2) CLARIFICATION AND SEMANTICS. . . . He is a noted textual critic, serving as head of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, and is author of Greek Grammar beyond the Basics, Basics of New Testament Syntax, and (with Grant Edwards) of A Workbook for New Testament Syntax. . ] . . . . . . . . . 4. The nominative for vocative can be broken down into two structural categories: anarthrous and articular. . . . For example, it is incorrect to say that the indicative mood signifies a “simple fact.”3 Lies are usually stated in the indicative; false perceptions are in the indicative; exaggerations and fictional accounts are in the indicative. . . Such a massive quantity, coupled with the rich variety of uses that each case can have, warrants a careful investigation of the Greek cases. . . . . ANTECEDENT CONTEMP. This contrasts with the aorist, which portrays the action in summary fashion. The result participle will be a present tense participle and will follow (in word order) the main verb. . . The Element of Aspect (Kind of Action) 1. . . . . 306 c. Converse of the Condition (Semantically) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Such a statement tacitly assumes that there is a one-to-one correspondence between language and reality. The future tense may indicate that something will take place or come to pass. . . 4/16/04 1:38 PM Page 10 The Basics of New Testament Syntax The Semantics of Anarthrous Nouns . . . . . . . . ➡1. But this is partially due to the paucity of examples. . . Since time is an element of tense only absolutely in the indicative, it stands to reason that the historical present can only legitimately be used in the indicative mood. These are paired conjunctions that express various relationships. . . . Greek continued to be a universal language until at least the end of the first century. . . . . . . . . for voc. . . . . . . . . . . Daniel B. Wallace. He is a noted textual critic, serving as head of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, and is author of Greek Grammar beyond the Basics, Basics of New Testament Syntax, and (with Grant Edwards) of A Workbook for . . . . . . Epexegetical ExSyn 607 a. . . . There may be a hint in Matthew’s use of the pluperfect, esp. . They appear on the scene again a few moments later when Jesus declares, “Lift up your eyes, for they are white for the harvest” (4:35). . . . . . But one must not assume this to be the case in every instance. . It is subsequent, stating the chronological outcome of the verb. . . a{gioi es You shall be holy, because I am holy. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. (h) The passive is also used when God is the obvious agent. . I had just bought Daniel Wallace's books: Basics of New Testament Syntax, The A Workbook for New Testament Syntax: Companion to Basics of New Testament Syntax and Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics I had heard there is the answers for the workbook out there somewhere. The normal idea, then, is if—and let us assume that this is true for the sake of argument—then. . . (3) Such a difference in definition can affect, to some degree, one’s hermeneutics. . The point is that often the choice of a tense is made for a speaker by the action he or she is describing. . . . . . When one comes to stand, he or she still stands. . . Statements such as “the aorist means once-for-all action” are of this sort. . . . . (1) STRUCTURE. . Rev 5:5 ei|ß ejk twçn presbutevrwn levgei moi… mh© klaieç . . . . . • Third, not infrequently conditional sentences are used rhetorically in a way that goes beyond the surface structure. Nominative in Simple Apposition . . . 22 For a general discussion of the indicative mood in declarative o{ti clauses, see “Indicative Mood.” 02_Basics.Part 2 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 231 The Present Tense 231 In Greek, however, the tenses of the original utterance are retained in the indirect discourse. . . 02_Basics.Part 2 210 4/16/04 1:32 PM Page 210 The Basics of New Testament Syntax b. Illustrations22 Rom 3:3–4 eij hjpivsthsavn tineß, mh© hJ ajpistiva aujtwçn th©n pivstin touç qeouç katarghvsei; mh© genv oito… ginevsqw de© oJ qeo©ß ajlhqhvß, paçß de© a[nqrwpoß yeuvsthß If some did not believe, their unbelief will not nullify the faithfulness of God, will it?
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